A host of learning, memory, and decision-making processes form the individual's response
to threat and may be disrupted in anxiety and post-trauma psychopathology. Here we review …

Because pain signals potential harm to the organism, it immediately attracts attention and
motivates decisions and action. However, pain is also subject to motivations—an aspect that …

Understanding how the brain computes value is a basic question in neuroscience. Although
individual studies have driven this progress, meta-analyses provide an opportunity to test …

Generous behaviour is known to increase happiness, which could thereby motivate
generosity. In this study, we use functional magnetic resonance imaging and a public pledge …

The primate orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is involved in reward processing, learning, and
decision making. Research in monkeys has shown that this region is densely connected …

We conduct a study in which subjects trade stocks in an experimental market while we
measure their brain activity using functional magnetic resonance imaging. All of the subjects …

There is widespread interest in identifying computational and neurobiological mechanisms
that influence the ability to choose long-term benefits over more proximal and readily …

Anticipating a potential benefit and how difficult it will be to obtain it are valuable skills in a
constantly changing environment. In the human brain, the anticipation of reward is encoded …

Objective: In alcohol-dependent patients, alcohol cues evoke increased activation in
mesolimbic brain areas, such as the nucleus accumbens and the amygdala. Moreover …

Valuation is a key tenet of decision neuroscience, where it is generally assumed that
different attributes of competing options are assimilated into unitary values. Such values are …