During the past 30 yr, investigating the physiology of eating behaviors has generated a truly
vast literature. This is fueled in part by a dramatic increase in obesity and its comorbidities …

Pupil size is a widely used metric of brain state. It is one of the few signals originating from
the brain that can be readily monitored with low-cost devices in basic science, clinical, and …

Leptin and ghrelin are two hormones that have been recognized to have a major influence
on energy balance. Leptin is a mediator of long‐term regulation of energy balance …

Small synthetic molecules called growth hormone secretagogues (GHSs) stimulate the
release of growth hormone (GH) from the pituitary. They act through the GHS-R, a G protein …

The gut hormone ghrelin targets the brain to promote food intake and adiposity. The ghrelin
receptor growth hormone secretagogue 1 receptor (GHSR) is present in hypothalamic …

Mammals respond to reduced food availability by becoming more wakeful and active, yet the
central pathways regulating arousal and instinctual motor programs (such as food seeking) …

Our understanding of the physiological systems that regulate food intake and body weight
has increased immensely over the past decade. Brain centres, including the hypothalamus …

Peripheral mechanisms in appetite regulation include the motor functions of the stomach,
such as the rate of emptying and accommodation, which convey symptoms of satiation to the …

Ghrelin is brain-gut peptide with growth hormone-releasing and appetite-inducing activities.
It is mainly secreted from the stomach mucosa but it is also expressed widely in different …

Ghrelin, a stomach-derived orexigenic hormone, has stimulated great interest as a potential
target for obesity control. Pharmacological evidence indicates that ghrelin's effects on food …