Since the discovery of SNARE proteins in the late 1980s, SNAREs have been recognized as
key components of protein complexes that drive membrane fusion. Despite considerable …

Endocytosis marks the entry of internalized receptors into the complex network of endocytic
trafficking pathways. Endocytic vesicles are rapidly targeted to a distinct membrane-bound …

Botulinum neurotoxins are known to have seven serotypes (BoNT/A–G). Here we report a
new BoNT serotype, tentatively named BoNT/X, which has the lowest sequence identity with …

Intracellular vesicle trafficking is the fundamental process to maintain the homeostasis of
membrane-enclosed organelles in eukaryotic cells. These organelles transport cargo from …

Neurotransmission relies on synaptic vesicles fusing with the membrane of nerve cells to
release their neurotransmitter content into the synaptic cleft, a process requiring the …

Summary Sec1/Munc18 (SM) proteins are required for every step of intracellular membrane
fusion, but their molecular mechanism of action has been unclear. In this work, we …

Membrane traffic in eukaryotic cells is mediated by transport vesicles that bud from a
precursor compartment and are transported to their destination compartment where they …

Although fusion mechanisms are highly conserved in evolution and among organelles of the
exocytic and endocytic pathways, yeast vacuole homotypic fusion offers unique technical …

Endocytosis describes the processes by which proteins, peptides and solutes, and also
pathogens, enter the cell. Endocytosed material progresses to endosomes. Genetic studies …

Vesicle transport at the Golgi apparatus is a well-described process, and the major protein
components involved have been identified. This includes the coat proteins that function in …