Highlights•Testosterone (T) is thought to integrate phenotypes that work well
together.•However, it is not clear how such integration is generated within the organism.•T …

The bi-directional links between hormones and behavior have been a rich area of research
for decades. Theory on the evolution of testosterone (T) was greatly advanced by the …

Synopsis “Sex” is often used to describe a suite of phenotypic and genotypic traits of an
organism related to reproduction. However, these traits—gamete type, chromosomal …

Androgens are pleiotropic and play pivotal roles in the formation and variation of sexual
phenotypes. We show that differences in circulating androgens between the three male …

Neuroinflammation is implicated in contributing to a variety of neurologic and somatic
illnesses including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and depression. In …

In males, testosterone plays a key role in ornament production and linking ornamentation
with reproductive behaviors and other traits to produce an integrated phenotype. Less is …

Status hierarchies are universal across human and non–human animal social groups.
Hormones and status interact with one another in a reciprocal manner. The present paper …

For decades, avian endocrinology has been informed by male perspectives and male-
focused research, leaving significant gaps in our understanding of female birds. Male birds …

Hormones are central regulators of organismal function and flexibility that mediate a
diversity of phenotypic traits from early development through senescence. Yet despite these …

Sex steroids mediate the organization and activation of masculine reproductive phenotypes
in diverse vertebrate taxa. However, the effects of sex steroid action in this context vary …