This article reviews the behavioral neuroscience of extinction, the phenomenon in which a
behavior that has been acquired through Pavlovian or instrumental (operant) learning …

Despite a growing body of research devoted to the study of how humans encode
environmental patterns, there is still no clear consensus about the nature of the …

Cognitive flexibility refers to the ability to quickly reconfigure our mind, as when we switch
between different tasks. This review highlights recent evidence showing that cognitive …

We propose a Survival Optimization System (SOS) to account for the strategies that humans
and other animals use to defend against recurring and novel threats. The SOS attempts to …

Dopamine is implicated in adaptive behavior through reward prediction error (RPE) signals
that update value estimates. There is also accumulating evidence that animals in structured …

The human brain requires a wide variety of experiences and environmental inputs in order
to develop normally. Children who are neglected by caregivers or raised in institutional …

Long before infants reach, crawl or walk, they explore the world by looking: they look to learn
and to engage, giving preferential attention to social stimuli, including faces, face-like stimuli …

Pathological fear and anxiety are highly debilitating and, despite considerable advances in
psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy they remain insufficiently treated in many patients with …

This book is the second edition of a highly successful introduction to the study of word-
formation, that is, the ways in which new words are built on the bases of other words (eg …

Advances in neurobiology permit neuroscientists to manipulate specific brain molecules,
neurons and systems. This has lead to major advances in the neuroscience of reward. Here …