Breast cancer heterogeneity determines cancer progression, treatment effects, and
prognosis. However, the precise mechanism for this heterogeneity remains unknown owing …

Heterogeneity within a tumour increases its ability to adapt to constantly changing
constraints, but adversely affects a patient's prognosis, therapy response and clinical …

Inflammation predisposes to the development of cancer and promotes all stages of
tumorigenesis. Cancer cells, as well as surrounding stromal and inflammatory cells, engage …

The observation and analysis of intra-tumour heterogeneity (ITH), particularly in genomic
studies, has advanced our understanding of the evolutionary forces that shape cancer …

Clinical and laboratory studies over recent decades have established branched evolution as
a feature of cancer. However, while grounded in somatic selection, several lines of evidence …

During the course of tumorigenesis and subsequent metastasis, malignant cells gradually
diversify and become more heterogeneous. Consequently, the tumor mass might be …

Simple Summary The relationship between the immune system and tumours is currently one
of the most studied topics in the field of cancer. Previously, it was thought that a tumour could …

In this review, we highlight the role of intratumoral heterogeneity, focusing on the clinical and
biological ramifications this phenomenon poses. Intratumoral heterogeneity arises through …

From a clinical, morphological and molecular perspective, prostate cancer is a
heterogeneous disease. Primary prostate cancers are often multifocal, having …

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) has one of the worst outcomes among all cancers,
with a median survival of∼ 6 mo and a 5-yr survival rate of< 8%(Siegel et al., 2016). Patients …