In concert with neuropeptides and transmitters, the end products of the hypothalamus-
pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the glucocorticoid hormones cortisol and corticosterone …

It is well established that stress has a major impact on memory, driven by the concerted
action of various stress mediators on the brain. Recent years, however, have seen …

Stressful experiences, both physical and psychological, that are overwhelming (ie,
inescapable and unpredictable), can measurably affect subsequent neuronal properties and …

Stress is recognized as an important issue in basic and clinical neuroscience research,
based upon the founding historical studies by Walter Canon and Hans Selye in the past …

Any intrinsic or extrinsic stimulus that evokes a biological response is known as stress. The
compensatory responses to these stresses are known as stress responses. Based on the …

Conspiracy theories are ubiquitous (eg, 9/11, COVID-19) and can have negative
consequences (eg, prejudice). Thus, there is an increasing need for evidence-based …

Caffeine is consumed by over 80% of US adults. This review examines the effects caffeine
has on cognitive and physical function, since most real-world activities require complex …

Cortical gain regulation allows neurons to respond adaptively to changing inputs. Neural
gain is modulated by internal and external influences, including attentional and arousal …

A growing body of research has indicated that acute stress can critically impact memory.
However, there are a number of inconsistencies in the literature, and important questions …

Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of death in both infants and elderly people, with
approximately 4 million deaths each year. It may be a virus, bacterial, or fungal, depending …