Roughly one quarter of all genes code for integral membrane proteins that are inserted into
the plasma membrane of prokaryotes or the endoplasmic reticulum membrane of …

Many proteins are translocated across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane in
eukaryotes or the plasma membrane in prokaryotes. These proteins use hydrophobic signal …

Bacteria are an exceedingly diverse group of organisms whose molecular exploration is
experiencing a renaissance. While the classical view of bacterial gene expression was …

Translation regulation occurs largely during the initiation phase. Here, we develop selective
40S footprinting to visualize initiating 40S ribosomes on endogenous mRNAs in vivo. This …

The timely production of functional proteins is of critical importance for the biological activity
of cells. To reach the functional state, newly synthesized polypeptides have to become …

The signal recognition particle (SRP) enables cotranslational delivery of proteins for
translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), but its full in vivo role remains …

Co-translational protein folding is an essential process by which cells ensure the safe and
efficient production and assembly of new proteins in their functional native states following …

The evolutionary emergence of organelles was a defining process in diversifying
biochemical reactions within the cell and enabling multicellularity. However …

The biogenesis of mitochondria depends on the import of hundreds of preproteins. N-
terminal matrix-targeting signals (MTSs) direct preproteins to the surface receptors Tom20 …

Generating a functional proteome requires the ribosome to carefully regulate disparate co-
translational processes that determine the fate of nascent polypeptides. With protein …