The influenza virus is a global threat to human health causing unpredictable yet recurring
pandemics, the last four emerging over the course of a hundred years. As our knowledge of …

Influenza viruses, including four major types (A, B, C, and D), can cause mild-to-severe and
lethal diseases in humans and animals. Influenza viruses evolve rapidly through antigenic …

Highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses of clade 2.3. 4.4 b underwent an
explosive geographic expansion in 2021 among wild birds and domestic poultry across …

Ari Helenius launched the field of enveloped virus fusion in endosomes with a seminal
paper in the Journal of Cell Biology in 1980. In the intervening years, a great deal has been …

Host dependency factors that are required for influenza A virus infection may serve as
therapeutic targets as the virus is less likely to bypass them under drug-mediated selection …

Seasonal and pandemic influenza are the two faces of respiratory infections caused by
influenza viruses in humans. As seasonal influenza occurs on an annual basis, the …

Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulate globally, spilling over into domestic poultry and
causing zoonotic infections in humans. Fortunately, AIVs are not yet capable of causing …

For decades, hemagglutinin (HA) protein structure and its refolding mechanism have served
as a paradigm for understanding protein-mediated membrane fusion. HA trimers are in a …

The study of virus disease emergence, whether it can be predicted and how it might be
prevented, has become a major research topic in biomedicine. Here we show that efforts to …

High-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) viruses have arisen from low-pathogenicity avian
influenza (LPAI) viruses via changes in the hemagglutinin proteolytic cleavage site, which …