Abstract Earth System Science (ESS) is a rapidly emerging transdisciplinary endeavour
aimed at understanding the structure and functioning of the Earth as a complex, adaptive …

Growth in fundamental drivers—energy use, economic productivity and population—can
provide quantitative indications of the proposed boundary between the Holocene Epoch and …

Climate tip** points occur when change in a part of the climate system becomes self-
perpetuating beyond a warming threshold, leading to substantial Earth system impacts …

Ocean and coastal ecosystems support life on Earth and many aspects of human well-being.
Covering two-thirds of the planet, the ocean hosts vast biodiversity and modulates the global …

This chapter assesses simulations of future global climate change, spanning time horizons
from the near term (2021–2040), mid-term (2041–2060), and long term (2081–2100) out to …

Our current 1.1 C warmer world is already affecting natural and human systems in Europe
(very high confidence1). Since AR5, there has been a substantial increase in detected or …

With the implementation of China's top-down CO2 emissions reduction strategy, the regional
differences should be considered. As the most basic governmental unit in China, counties …

Agriculture is a significant contributor to anthropogenic global warming, and reducing
agricultural emissions—largely methane and nitrous oxide—could play a significant role in …

Enhanced silicate rock weathering (ERW), deployable with croplands, has potential use for
atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) removal (CDR), which is now necessary to mitigate …

Abstract An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 C above pre-
industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of …