By synthesizing recent studies employing a wide range of approaches (modern
observations, paleo reconstructions, and climate model simulations), this paper provides a …

Present global warming is amplified in the Arctic and accompanied by unprecedented sea
ice decline. Located along the main pathway of Atlantic Water entering the Arctic, the …

This chapter assesses the causes of observed changes assessed in Chapters 2 to 5 and
uses understanding of physical processes, climate models and statistical approaches. The …

Linear trends in arctic sea-ice extent over the period 1979 to 2006 are negative in every
month. This ice loss is best viewed as a combination of strong natural variability in the …

Near‐surface air temperatures close to 0° C were observed in situ over sea ice in the central
Arctic during the last three winter seasons. Here we use in situ winter (December–March) …

The global monsoon (GM) is a defining feature of the annual variation of Earth's climate
system. Quantifying and understanding the present-day monsoon precipitation change are …

Substantial variations in temperature and precipitation have been observed since the first
permanent weather station was established in the Svalbard region in 1911. Temperature …

Sustained release of methane (CH4) to the atmosphere from thawing Arctic permafrost may
be a positive and significant feedback to climate warming. Atmospheric venting of CH4 from …

The Arctic has undergone dramatic change during the past decade. The observed changes
include atmospheric sea-level pressure, wind fields, sea-ice drift, ice cover, length of melt …

One of the few long instrumental records available for the Arctic is the Svalbard Airport
composite series that hitherto began in 1911, with observations made on Spitsbergen, the …