Midbrain dopamine neurons are well known for their strong responses to rewards and their
critical role in positive motivation. It has become increasingly clear, however, that dopamine …

We present a comprehensive overview of the neurobiology of unipolar major depression
and antidepressant drug action, integrating data from affective neuroscience, neuro-and …

The co-morbidity of anxiety and dysfunctional reward processing in illnesses such as
addiction and depression suggests that common neural circuitry contributes to these …

Responding to real or potential threats in the environment requires the coordination of
autonomic, neuroendocrine and behavioural processes to promote adaptation and survival …

The anterior bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) has been recognized as a critical
structure in regulating trait anxiety, contextual fear memory, and appetitive behavior, and is …

Surviving threats in the environment requires brain circuits for detecting (or anticipating)
danger and for coordinating appropriate defensive responses (eg, increased cardiac output …

Winning aggressive disputes can enhance future fighting ability and the desire to seek out
additional contests. In some instances, these effects are long lasting and vary in response to …

Addictive substances are known to increase dopaminergic signaling in the
mesocorticolimbic system. The origin of this dopamine (DA) signaling originates in the …

Dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) play crucial roles in
motivational control of behaviors, and their activity is regulated directly or indirectly via …

The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is widely acknowledged as a brain structure
that regulates stress and anxiety states, as well as aversive and appetitive behaviours. The …