In 2013 there were an estimated 584,000 deaths and 198 million clinical illnesses due to
malaria, the majority in sub-Saharan Africa. Vaccines would be the ideal addition to the …

The novel betacoronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
2), has spread across the globe at an unprecedented rate since its first emergence in Wuhan …

Introduction Malaria, a devastating febrile illness caused by protozoan parasites, sickened
247,000,000 people in 2021 and killed 619,000, mostly children and pregnant women in …

▪ Abstract Observations in the early 1990s that plasmid DNA could directly transfect animal
cells in vivo sparked exploration of the use of DNA plasmids to induce immune responses by …

Outbreaks of haemorrhagic fever caused by the Ebola virus are associated with high
mortality rates that are a distinguishing feature of this human pathogen. The highest lethality …

CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are critical for protection against intracellular
pathogens but often have been difficult to induce by subunit vaccines in animals. DNA …

Immunization with irradiated sporozoites can protect against malaria infection and intensive
efforts are aimed at reproducing this effect with subunit vaccines. A particular sequence of …

Sterile protective immunity against challenge with Plasmodium spp. sporozoites can be
induced in multiple model systems and humans by immunization with radiation-attenuated …

Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated CpG motifs directly
stimulate human B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), thereby promoting the …

Malaria remains one of the world's worst health problems with 1.5 to 2.7 million deaths
annually; these deaths are primarily among children under 5 years of age and pregnant …