Precise control over molecular movement is of fundamental and practical importance in
physics, biology, and chemistry. At nanoscale, the peculiar functioning principles and the …

The remarkable processes that characterize living organisms, such as motility, self-healing
and reproduction, are fuelled by a continuous injection of energy at the microscale. The field …

The widespread use of molecular machines in biology has long suggested that great
rewards could come from bridging the gap between synthetic molecular systems and the …

Heat engines convert thermal energy into mechanical work and generally involve a large
number of particles. We report the experimental realization of a single-atom heat engine. An …

Activity and autonomous motion are fundamental in living and engineering systems. This
has stimulated the new field of'active matter'in recent years, which focuses on the physical …

Chemically fueled autonomous molecular machines are catalysis-driven systems governed
by Brownian information ratchet mechanisms. One fundamental principle behind their …

Membraneless compartments, also known as condensates, provide chemically distinct
environments and thus spatially organize the cell. A well-studied example of condensates is …

Non‐equilibrium chemical systems underpin multiple domains of contemporary interest,
including supramolecular chemistry, molecular machines, systems chemistry, prebiotic …

Fluid dynamics plays a crucial role in many cellular processes, including the locomotion of
cells such as bacteria and spermatozoa. These organisms possess flagella, slender …

Stochastic thermodynamics as reviewed here systematically provides a framework for
extending the notions of classical thermodynamics such as work, heat and entropy …