In this investigation, we offer and examine a predator–prey interacting model with prey
refuge in proportion to both the species and Beddington–DeAngelis functional response. We …

In this paper, we consider a predator–prey model with Allee effect, fear effect and prey
refuge. By considering the prey refuge as a parameter, we give the threshold condition for …

Small and large scale pandemics are a natural phenomenon repeatably appearing
throughout history, causing ecological and biological shifts in ecosystems and a wide range …

This article investigates a prey–predator model incorporating a novel refuge proportional to
prey and inverse proportion to the predator. We find conditions for the local asymptotic …

In this paper, a predator–prey interaction mathematical model has been developed
incorporating prey refuge and square root functional response. It is considered that the prey …

Fear and prey refuges are two significant topics in the ecological community because they
are closely associated with the connectivity of natural resources. The effect of fear on prey …

The present paper gropes for the stability and bifurcation of a delayed fractional-order
predator–prey model with two different delays. The bifurcation points can be accurately …

This study investigates the influence of fear, refuge, and migration in a predator–prey model,
where the interactions between the species follow an asymmetric function response. In …

A prey-predator model incorporating prey refuge with variable carrying capacity and Holling
type-II functional response is proposed and analyzed. The model includes a case of …

This paper deals with the spatial pattern formation in a diffusive predator-prey-parasite
(PPP) model, where predator feeds on infected prey following type II response function and …