Globally, diabetes is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal
disease, which are major risk factors for cardiovascular disease and death. Despite this …

Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) is a protective response to restore protein homeostasis
by activating the unfolded protein response (UPR). However, UPR can trigger cell death …

Evidence is emerging that the process of immune aging is a mechanism leading to
autoimmunity. Over lifetime, the immune system adapts to profound changes in …

Obesity has been implicated as a risk factor for insulin resistance and cardiovascular
diseases (CVDs). Although the association between obesity and CVD is a well-established …

Mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress have been suggested to
play a key role in insulin resistance development. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the largest intracellular organelle carrying out a broad
range of important cellular functions including protein biosynthesis, folding, and trafficking …

Protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum is an oxidative process that relies on protein
disulfide isomerase (PDI) and endoplasmic reticulum oxidase 1 (ERO1). Over 30% of …

The recent outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV) was associated with birth defects and pregnancy
loss when maternal infection occurs in early pregnancy, but specific mechanisms driving …

Mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are vital organelles that influence various
cellular physiological and pathological processes. Recent evidence shows that about 5 …

Purpose Vitamin D is a fascinating and attractive molecule that has gained particular
attention in medicine in recent years. Its immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory potential …