Large herbivores play unique ecological roles and are disproportionately imperiled by
human activity. As many wild populations dwindle towards extinction, and as interest grows …

The landscape of fear (LOF) concept posits that prey navigate spatial heterogeneity in
perceived predation risk, balancing risk mitigation against other activities necessary for …

Animals experience varying levels of predation risk as they navigate heterogeneous
landscapes, and behavioral responses to perceived risk can structure ecosystems. The …

Rapid expansion of human activity has driven well-documented shifts in the spatial
distribution of wildlife, but the cumulative effect of human disturbance on the temporal …

A growing body of literature has documented myriad effects of human activities on animal
behaviour, yet the ultimate ecological consequences of these behavioural shifts remain …

Ecological communities face a variety of environmental and anthropogenic stressors acting
simultaneously. Stressor impacts can combine additively or can interact, causing synergistic …

The fear large carnivores inspire, independent of their direct killing of prey, may itself cause
cascading effects down food webs potentially critical for conserving ecosystem function …

Non‐consumptive predator effects (NCEs) are now widely recognised for their capacity to
shape ecosystem structure and function. Yet, forecasting the propagation of these predator …

Classical theory shows that large communities are destabilized by random interactions
among species pairs, creating an upper bound on ecosystem diversity. However, species …

Few concepts in ecology have been so influential as that of the trophic cascade. Since the
1980s, the term has been a central or major theme of more than 2000 scientific articles …