Animals experience varying levels of predation risk as they navigate heterogeneous
landscapes, and behavioral responses to perceived risk can structure ecosystems. The …

Recent studies document unprecedented declines in marine top predators that can initiate
trophic cascades. Predicting the wider ecological consequences of these declines requires …

Rapid expansion of human activity has driven well-documented shifts in the spatial
distribution of wildlife, but the cumulative effect of human disturbance on the temporal …

They may influence us as individuals by their encouragement and guidance; they may affect
their community through their untiring commitment to service and the greater good; or they …

Predation is a central feature of ecological communities. Most theoretical and empirical
studies of predation focus on the consequences of predators consuming their prey …

The landscape of fear (LOF) concept posits that prey navigate spatial heterogeneity in
perceived predation risk, balancing risk mitigation against other activities necessary for …

Large herbivores play unique ecological roles and are disproportionately imperiled by
human activity. As many wild populations dwindle towards extinction, and as interest grows …

Ecology Letters (2010) 13: 1055–1071 Abstract Whereas many land predators disappeared
before their ecological roles were studied, the decline of marine apex predators is still …

Humans have brought about unprecedented changes to environments worldwide. For many
species, behavioral adjustments represent the first response to altered conditions. In this …

“Predation risk” and “fear” are concepts well established in animal behavior literature. We
expand these concepts to develop the model of the “landscape of fear”. The landscape of …