Abstract The Miocene epoch (23.03–5.33 Ma) was a time interval of global warmth, relative
to today. Continental configurations and mountain topography transitioned toward modern …

The formation of the Isthmus of Panama stands as one of the greatest natural events of the
Cenozoic, driving profound biotic transformations on land and in the oceans. Some recent …

Human water use, climate change and land conversion have created a water crisis for
billions of individuals and many ecosystems worldwide. Global water stocks and fluxes are …

During the late Miocene epoch, about seven million years ago, large areas of the continents
experienced drying, enhanced seasonality, and a restructuring of terrestrial plant and animal …

Benthic foraminiferal oxygen isotopic (δ18O) and carbon isotopic (δ13C) trends, constructed
from compilations of data series from multiple ocean sites, provide one of the primary means …

The Earth's climate has undergone a global transition over the past four million years, from
warm conditions with global surface temperatures about 3° C warmer than today, smaller ice …

The rise of the Isthmus of Panama, linked to a number of climatic, paleoceanographic, and
biological events, has been studied mostly from indirect, often distal, geochemical and biotic …

After a 12-million-year (My) process, the Central American Isthmus was completed 2.8 My
ago. Its emergence affected current flow, salinity, temperature, and primary productivity of …

Abstract The Miocene epoch, spanning 23.03–5.33 Ma, was a dynamic climate of sustained,
polar amplified warmth. Miocene atmospheric CO2 concentrations are typically …

The response of the ocean overturning circulation to global warming remains controversial.
Here, we integrate a multiproxy record from International Ocean Discovery Program Site …