Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. AD brain pathology starts
decades before the onset of clinical symptoms. One early pathological hallmark is blood …

The blood–brain barrier is a dynamic multicellular interface that regulates the transport of
molecules between the blood circulation and the brain parenchyma. Proteins and peptides …

Extracellular deposition of amyloid-β as neuritic plaques and intracellular accumulation of
hyperphosphorylated, aggregated tau as neurofibrillary tangles are two of the characteristic …

Abstract Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4), the main susceptibility gene for Alzheimer's disease
(AD), leads to vascular dysfunction, amyloid-β pathology, neurodegeneration and dementia …

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a highly regulated physical and functional boundary that
tightly controls the transport of materials between the blood and the brain. There is an …

Pesticides are omnipresent, and they pose significant environmental and health risks.
Translational studies indicate that acute exposure to high pesticide levels is detrimental, and …

The term neurovascular unit (NVU) describes the structural and functional liaison between
specialized brain endothelium, glial and mural cells, and neurons. Within the NVU, the blood …

Microglia have an innate immunity memory (IIM) with divergent functions in different animal
models of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is …

Cell cultures are used in pharmaceutical, medical and biological sciences. Due to the ethical
and cost limitations of in vivo models, the replaceable cell model that is more closely related …

Microglia cells are the unique residential macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS).
They have a special origin, as they derive from the embryonic yolk sac and enter the …