Salinity stress poses a significant challenge to agriculture, impacting soil health, plant
growth and contributing to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In response to these …

Drought and cadmium (Cd) stress are both major issues that significantly affect the growth
and development of wheat plants. Both drought stress and Cd toxicity disrupt physiological …

Industrialization and human urbanization have led to an increase in heavy metal (HM)
pollution which often cause negative/toxic effect on agricultural crops. The soil-HMs cannot …

The reduction in crop productivity due to drought stress, is a major concern in agriculture.
Drought stress usually disrupts photosynthesis by triggering oxidative stress and generating …

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal that significantly threatens plants and the environment.
Its toxicity in plants can result in various adverse effects, including reduced growth, altered …

Chromium (Cr) stress significantly hinders crop production by disrupting nutrient uptake,
impairing plant growth, and contaminating soil, posing a substantial threat to agricultural …

Cadmium (Cd) is a potentially harmful metal with significant biological toxicity that adversely
affects plant growth and physiological metabolism. Excessive Cd exposure in plants leads to …

Arsenic (As) contamination is a major environmental pollutant that adversely affects plant
physiological processes and can hinder nutrients and water availability. Such conditions …

Maize cultivated for dry grain covers approximately 197 million hectares globally, securing
its position as the second most widely grown crop worldwide after wheat. Although …

Due to the high solubility of Cd in water, it is considered a potential toxin which can cause
cancer in humans. In plants, it is associated with the development of oxidative stress due to …