The direct impacts of climate change involve a multitude of phenomena, including rising sea
levels, intensified severe weather events such as droughts and flooding, increased …

Green water—terrestrial precipitation, evaporation and soil moisture—is fundamental to
Earth system dynamics and is now extensively perturbed by human pressures at continental …

Ukraine and Russia are two important grain producers and exporters in the world,
accounting for 12% and 17% of the world's wheat exports, respectively. The conflict between …

Area burned has decreased across Europe in recent decades. This trend may, however,
reverse under ongoing climate change, particularly in areas not limited by fuel availability (ie …

Anthropogenic factors have significantly influenced the frequency, duration, and intensity of
meteorological drought in many regions of the globe, and the increased frequency of …

Extreme events such as heat waves and cold spells, droughts, heavy rain, and storms are
particularly challenging to predict accurately due to their rarity and chaotic nature, and …

Growth in satellite observations and modelling capabilities has transformed drought
monitoring, offering near-real-time information. However, current monitoring efforts focus on …

Drought–land cover change (D-LCC) is considered to be an important stress factor that
affects vegetation greenness and productivity (VG&P) in global terrestrial ecosystems …

Abstract The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has predicted that
droughts are projected to affect global hydrology and water quality in varying ways, resulting …

Drought-flood abrupt alternation (DFAA) refers to the rapid transformation between droughts
and floods, posing serious threats to ecological security, food production, and human safety …