Visual representations play a critical role in enhancing science, technology, engineering,
and mathematics (STEM) learning. Educational psychology research shows that adding …

A longstanding debate concerns the use of concrete versus abstract instructional materials,
particularly in domains such as mathematics and science. Although decades of research …

Recent studies emphasize a positive impact of learning with augmented reality (AR) systems
in various instructional scenarios. Especially combining real and virtual learning …

Many topics in science are notoriously difficult for students to learn. Mechanisms and
processes outside student experience present particular challenges. While instruction …

Multiple (external) representations can provide unique benefits when people are learning
complex new ideas. Unfortunately, many studies have shown this promise is not always …

In this article, we describe the design principles undergirding productive failure (PF; M.). We
then report findings from an ongoing program of research on PF in mathematical problem …

Teachers notice through the lens of their professional knowledge and views. This study
hence focuses not solely on teachers' noticing, but also on their knowledge and views …

This Practice Guide is the third in a series of Institute of Education Sciences (IES) guides in
education. Much of teaching is about hel** students master new knowledge and skills and …

When people are learning complicated scientific concepts, interacting with multiple forms of
representation such as diagrams, graphs and equations can bring unique benefits …

Mobile learning is an emergent paradigm in a state of intense development fuelled by the
confluence of three technological streams, ambient computing power, ambient …