Since the first antiviral drug, idoxuridine, was approved in 1963, 90 antiviral drugs
categorized into 13 functional groups have been formally approved for the treatment of the …

Three-dimensional molecular structures can provide detailed information on biological
mechanisms and, for cases in which the molecular function affects human health, can …

Nucleases cleave the phosphodiester bonds of nucleic acids and may be endo or exo,
DNase or RNase, topoisomerases, recombinases, ribozymes, or RNA splicing enzymes. In …

Retroviruses are distinguished from other viruses by two characteristic steps in the viral
replication cycle. The first is reverse transcription, which results in the production of a double …

A hallmark of retroviral replication is establishment of the proviral state, wherein a DNA copy
of the viral RNA genome is stably incorporated into a host cell chromosome. Integrase is the …

The integration of a DNA copy of the viral RNA genome into host chromatin is the defining
step of retroviral replication. This enzymatic process is catalyzed by the virus-encoded …

To complete its life cycle, HIV-1 enters the nucleus of the host cell as reverse-transcribed
viral DNA. The nucleus is a complex environment, in which chromatin is organized to …

Like all retroviruses, HIV-1 irreversibly inserts a viral DNA (vDNA) copy of its RNA genome
into host target DNA (tDNA). The intasome, a higher-order nucleoprotein complex composed …

Interfacial inhibitors belong to a broad class of natural products and synthetic drugs that are
commonly used to treat cancers as well as bacterial and HIV infections. They bind …

The development of HIV integrase (IN) strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) and our
understanding of viral resistance to these molecules have been hampered by a paucity of …