Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) is an attractive immunopotentiator capable of driving
humoral immunity in vertebrates, but its cellular and molecular mechanisms still require …

Simple Summary Although evolutionarily jawed fish constitute the first group of animals in
which a complete adaptive immune system based on immunoglobulins (Igs) is present …

Two fundamental features characterize adaptive immunity: specific antigen recognition and
immunological memory development. Thus, B and T cells form the adaptive immune system …

Teleost B cells are of special interest due to their evolutionary position and involvement in
vaccine-induced adaptive immune responses. While recent progress has revealed uneven …

Teleost IgM+ B cells can phagocytose, like mammalian B1 cells, and secrete Ag-specific
IgM, like mammalian B2 cells. Therefore, teleost IgM+ B cells may have the functions of both …

Plasma cells are terminally differentiated antibody-secreting B lymphocytes that contribute to
humoral immunity by producing large numbers of antibodies. Increasing evidence suggests …

The thymus is a sophisticated primary lymphoid organ in jawed vertebrates, but knowledge
on teleost thymus remains scarce. In this study, for the first time in the European sea bass …

The differentiation of B cells into antibody-secreting cells is fundamental for the generation of
humoral immunity. In mammals, this process involves a series of metabolic and intracellular …

The immune response of the adipose tissue (AT) has been neglected in most animal models
until investigations in human and mice linked obesity to chronic inflammation, highlighting …

In mammals, conventional B (B2) cells are activated within lymphoid follicles through a close
relationship with T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. The interaction between CD40 expressed on …