Lead (Pb) is a worldwide environmental contaminant that even at low levels influences brain
development and affects neurobehavior later in life; nevertheless it is only a small fraction of …

Growing evidence highlights the relevance of microbiota-gut-brain axis in the maintenance
of brain homeostasis as well as in the pathophysiology of major neurological and psychiatric …

Synaptopathies are a class of neurodevelopmental disorders caused by modification in
genes coding for synaptic proteins. These proteins oversee the process of …

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits
in social interaction, verbal and non-verbal communication, and stereotypic behaviors. Many …

Background: Early life stress (ELS) describes a broad spectrum of adverse and stressful
prenatal events, namely, prenatal maternal stress (PMS), or early postnatal events, which …

Limitations of regulatory in vivo developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) testing and assessment
are well known, such as the 3Rs conflict, low throughput, high costs, high specific expertise …

Exposure to environmental factors, such as neurotoxic metals and micronutrients, during
critical periods of development can contribute to long-term consequences in offspring's …

Background Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder
(ASD) are neurodevelopmental conditions with early life origins. Alterations in blood lipids …

The adult brain is a complex structure with distinct functional sub-regions, which are
generated from an initial pool of neural epithelial cells within the embryo. This transition …

Abstract The Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD)
coordinates international efforts to enhance developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) testing. In …