In the human, placental structure is closely related to placental function and consequent
pregnancy outcome. Studies have noted abnormal placental shape in small-for-gestational …

Introduction: The normal human placenta is a dynamic discoid organ have two surfaces; 1.
The chorionic plate facing the foetus (the umbilical cord attached) and 2. The basal plate …

Advanced maternal age (AMA) is defined as childbearing in mothers greater than or equal
to35 years of age and is becoming increasingly prevalent in high income countries. AMA …

In recent years more attention has been focused on the morphology of the placenta and
umbilical cord due to their vital roles in foetal development and neonatal survival. While …

Background: Preterm birth (PTB) is a major cause of infant morbidity and mortality in
develo** countries. The underlying structural mechanisms by which PTB occur are largely …