The neurodevelopmental and dopamine hypotheses are leading theories of the
pathoetiology of schizophrenia, but they were developed in isolation. However, since they …

The mesolimbic dopamine system—which originates in the ventral tegmental area and
projects to the striatum—has been shown to be involved in the expression of sex-specific …

Significant evidence supports the view that dopamine shapes learning by encoding reward
prediction errors. However, it is unknown whether striatal targets receive tailored dopamine …

Transmission from striatal cholinergic interneurons (CINs) controls dopamine release
through nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on dopaminergic axons. Anatomical …

Ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons are often thought to uniformly encode
reward prediction errors. Conversely, DA release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), the …

Adenosine plays a very significant role in modulating striatal glutamatergic and
dopaminergic neurotransmission. In the present essay we first review the extensive …

The basal ganglia (BG) contribute to reinforcement learning (RL) and decision-making, but
unlike artificial RL agents, it relies on complex circuitry and dynamic dopamine modulation …

Animal behavior is driven by multiple brain regions working in parallel with distinct control
policies. We present a biologically plausible model of off-policy reinforcement learning in the …

Dopamine, the main catecholamine neurotransmitter in the brain, is predominately produced
in the basal ganglia and released to various brain regions including the frontal cortex …

Striatal dopamine governs a wide range of behavioral functions, yet local dopamine
concentrations can be dissociated from somatic activity. Here, we discuss how dopamine's …