Once the first SARS-CoV-2 vaccine became available, mass vaccination was the main pillar
of the public health response to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was very effective in reducing …

Social interactions among viruses occur whenever multiple viral genomes infect the same
cells, hosts, or populations of hosts. Viral social interactions range from cooperation to …

Abstract Although the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (BA. 1) spread rapidly across the world
and effectively evaded immune responses, its viral fitness in cell and animal models was …

The human upper respiratory tract, specifically the nasopharyngeal epithelium, is the entry
portal and primary infection site of respiratory viruses. Productive infection of SARS-CoV-2 in …

Defective interfering (DI) particles arise during virus propagation, are conditional on parental
virus for replication and packaging, and interfere with viral expansion. There is much interest …

Antiviral therapies with reduced frequencies of administration and high barriers to resistance
remain a major goal. For HIV, theories have proposed that viral-deletion variants, which …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of
COVID-19, generates multiple protein-coding, subgenomic RNAs (sgRNAs) from a longer …

Defective viral genomes (DVGs) have been identified in many RNA viruses as a major factor
influencing antiviral immune response and viral pathogenesis. However, the generation and …

Virus-like particles resemble infectious virus particles in size, shape, and molecular
composition; however, they fail to productively infect host cells. Historically, the presence of …

Defective viral genomes (DVGs) are truncated derivatives of their parental viral genomes
generated during an aberrant round of viral genomic replication. Distinct classes of DVGs …