Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators have a wide range of key roles throughout the
nervous system. However, their dynamics in both health and disease have been challenging …

Cellular signaling networks are the foundation which determines the fate and function of
cells as they respond to various cues and stimuli. The discovery of fluorescent proteins over …

Experimental efforts to understand how the brain represents, stores and processes
information require high-fidelity recordings of multiple different forms of neural activity within …

INTRODUCTION Sleep homeostasis, the balance between the duration of sleep and
wakefulness, is a fundamental feature of the sleep-wake cycle. During wakefulness, sleep …

The purinergic signaling molecule adenosine (Ado) modulates many physiological and
pathological functions in the brain. However, the exact source of extracellular Ado remains …

The ability to study cellular physiology using photosensitive, genetically encoded molecules
has profoundly transformed neuroscience. The modern optogenetic toolbox includes …

The development of the living acute brain slice preparation for analyzing synaptic function
roughly a half century ago was a pivotal achievement that greatly influenced the landscape …

Hubel and Wiesel began the modern study of development and plasticity of primary visual
cortex (V1), discovering response properties of cortical neurons that distinguished them from …

Lysosomes play important roles in cellular degradation to maintain cell homeostasis. In
order to understand whether and how lysosomes alter with age and contribute to lifespan …

The pH of intracellular compartments is essential for the viability of cells. Despite its
relevance, little is known about the pH of these compartments. To measure pH in vivo, we …