The introduction of high-resolution time lapse imaging and molecular biological tools has
changed dramatically the rate of progress towards the understanding of the complex …

Many vertebrates are challenged by either chronic or acute episodes of low oxygen
availability in their natural environments. Brain function is especially vulnerable to the effects …

Chronic stress produces consistent and reversible changes within the dendritic arbors of
CA3 hippocampal neurons, characterized by decreased dendritic length and reduced …

An emerging view of structure–function relations of synapses in central spiny neurons
asserts that larger spines produce large synaptic currents and that these large spines are …

Hibernating mammals are remarkable for surviving near-freezing brain temperatures and
near cessation of neural activity for a week or more at a time. This extreme physiological …

Mammals that hibernate experience extreme metabolic states and body temperatures as
they transition between euthermia, a state resembling typical warm blooded mammals, and …

New Findings• What is the topic of this review? To explore the unique evolutionary origins of
the human brain and critically appraise its energy budget, including limits of oxygen and …

The present paper provides an overview of adaptive changes in brain structure and learning
abilities during hibernation as a behavioral strategy used by several mammalian species to …

For long-duration manned space missions to Mars and beyond, reduction of astronaut
metabolism by torpor, the metabolic state during hibernation of animals, would be a game …

Self-referential phenotype matching, or using one's own cues as a referent for recognizing
kin, is expected in species with multiple paternity or maternity to discriminate among full …