The medial frontal cortex and adjacent orbitofrontal cortex have been the focus of
investigations of decision-making, behavioral flexibility, and social behavior. We review …

Dopamine is a critical modulator of both learning and motivation. This presents a problem:
how can target cells know whether increased dopamine is a signal to learn or to move? It is …

The dopamine projection from ventral tegmental area (VTA) to nucleus accumbens (NAc) is
critical for motivation to work for rewards and reward-driven learning. How dopamine …

Previous attempts to identify a unified theory of brain serotonin function have largely failed to
achieve consensus. In this present synthesis, we integrate previous perspectives with new …

Animals make predictions to guide their behavior and update those predictions through
experience. Transient increases in dopamine (DA) are thought to be critical signals for …

The serotonergic system extends throughout the central nervous system (CNS) and the
gastrointestinal (GI) tract. In the CNS, serotonin (5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine) modulates a …

Dopamine-releasing neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) have central roles in
reward-related and goal-directed behaviours. VTA dopamine-releasing neurons are …

Anxiety-like behaviors in mice include social avoidance and avoidance of bright spaces.
Whether these features are distinctly regulated is unclear. We demonstrate that in mice …

Advances in neuroscience identified addiction as a chronic brain disease with strong
genetic, neurodevelopmental, and sociocultural components. We here discuss the circuit …

Serotonin neurons of the dorsal and median raphe nuclei (DR, MR) collectively innervate
the entire forebrain and midbrain, modulating diverse physiology and behavior. To gain a …