Restless legs syndrome, also known as Willis-Ekbom disease, is a common neurological
condition whose manifestation is affected by complex environmental and genetic …

The spinal cord contains networks of neurons that can produce locomotor patterns. To
readily respond to environmental conditions, these networks must be flexible yet at the same …

The role of dopamine in the control of movement is traditionally associated with ascending
projections to the basal ganglia. However, more recently descending dopaminergic …

Objectives Exposure to chlorpyrifos (CPF), a neurotoxic insecticide, is implicated with
adverse neurodevelopmental effects in children through noncholinergic mechanisms …

The hypothalamic A11 region has been identified in several species including rats, mice,
cats, monkeys, zebrafish, and humans as the primary source of descending dopamine (DA) …

Neuropathic pain represents a challenge to clinicians because it is resistant to commonly
prescribed analgesics due to its largely unknown mechanisms. Here, we investigated a …

The transition from larval to adult locomotion in the anuran, Xenopus laevis, involves a
dramatic switch from axial to appendicular swimming including intermediate stages when …

Background Dopamine (DA) has long been known to have modulatory effects on vertebrate
motor circuits. However, the types of information encoded by supraspinal DAergic neurons …

Recent studies on interactions between striatal adenosine and dopamine and one of its
main targets, the adenosine A2A receptor–dopamine D2 receptor (A2AR–D2R) heteromer …

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a sensorimotor disorder that severely affects sleep. It is
characterized by an urge to move the legs, which is often accompanied by periodic limb …