The mammalian blood system, containing more than 10 distinct mature cell types, stands on
one specific cell type, hematopoietic stem cell (HSC). Within the system, only HSCs possess …

Blood is a tissue with high cellular turnover, and its production is a tightly orchestrated
process that requires constant replenishment. All mature blood cells are generated from …

The polypeptide cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1) affects nearly every tissue and organ system. IL-
1 is the prototype of the pro-inflammatory cytokines in that it induces the expression of a …

Scope This study shows the effect of bovine milk derived extracellular vesicles (BMEVs) on
spontaneous polyarthritis in IL‐1Ra‐deficient mice and collagen‐induced arthritis. Methods …

Cytokines exert profound effects on the progression of hematopoietic malignancies such as
acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Critical roles of cytokines in the context of inflammation have …

TGF-β1 is a ubiquitous growth factor that is implicated in the control of proliferation,
migration, differentiation, and survival of many different cell types. It influences such diverse …

In the panorama of inflammatory arthritis, gout is the most common and studied disease. It is
known that hyperuricemia and monosodium urate (MSU) crystal-induced inflammation …

Cytokines are usually extracellular signalling proteins, usually less than 80 kD in size, and
many are glycosylated. They are produced by many diVerent cell types that are involved in …

Asthma is a complex chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that involves the activation
of many inflammatory and structural cells, all of which release inflammatory mediators that …

Proteolytic processing of the transforming growth factor β precursor (pro-TGFβ) is an
essential step in the formation of the biologically active TGFβ homodimeric protein (TGFβ) …