Although hormones such as glucocorticoids have been broadly accepted in recent decades
as general neuromodulators of memory processes, sex steroid hormones such as the potent …

The concept of 'cognitive reserve', and a broader theory of 'brain reserve', were originally
proposed to help explain epidemiological data indicating that individuals who engaged in …

The ovarian hormones 17β-estradiol (E 2) and progesterone (P 4) are potent modulators of
hippocampal memory formation. Both hormones have been demonstrated to enhance …

The question of whether ovarian hormone therapy can prevent or reduce age-related
memory decline in menopausal women has been the subject of much recent debate …

Acute effects of estrogens on mnemonic processes were examined at the behavioral and
neurochemical levels. 17β-estradiol and 17α-estradiol influences on memory consolidation …

This article is part of a Special Issue “Estradiol and cognition”. Estrogens are becoming well
known for their robust enhancement on cognition particularly for learning and memory that …

We previously demonstrated that dorsal hippocampal extracellular signal-regulated kinase
(ERK) activation is necessary for 17β-estradiol (E2) to enhance novel object recognition in …

Gonadal hormones, most notably oestradiol, enhance some aspects of cognitive function in
animal and human models. However, the demonstrated effects are often not large and …

In addition to its metabolic consequences, obesity may lead to impairments in learning and
memory. To test this possibility, male Long-Evans rats were fed ground chow, or chow and …

Environmental enrichment (EE) increases stimulation and provides richer sensory, cognitive
and motor opportunities through the interaction with the social and physical environment. EE …