Research on humans and the Earth system has historically occurred separately, with
different teams and models devoted to each. Increasingly, however, these communities and …

The new Max‐Planck‐Institute Earth System Model (MPI‐ESM) is used in the Coupled
Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) in a series of climate change experiments …

We present the global general circulation model IPSL-CM5 developed to study the long-term
response of the climate system to natural and anthropogenic forcings as part of the 5th …

The understanding of climate and climate change is fundamentally concerned with two
things: a well-defined and sufficiently complete climate record to be explained, for example …

A suggestion for map** the SRES illustrative scenarios onto the new scenarios framework
of representative concentration pathways (RCPs) and shared socio-economic pathways …

Understanding observed changes to the global water cycle is key to predicting future climate
changes and their impacts. While many datasets document crucial variables such as …

The Antarctic ice sheet loses mass at its fringes bordering the Southern Ocean. At this
boundary, warm circumpolar water can override the continental slope front, reaching the …

Projecting the impacts of climate change on agriculture requires knowing or assuming how
farmers will adapt. However, empirical estimates of the effectiveness of this private …

The carbon cycle is a crucial Earth system component affecting climate and atmospheric
composition. The response of natural carbon uptake to CO 2 and climate change will …

Warm water of open ocean origin on the continental shelf of the Amundsen and
Bellingshausen Seas causes the highest basal melt rates reported for Antarctic ice shelves …