Diabetic retinopathy is the retinal disease associated with hyperglycemia in patients who
suffer from type 1 or type 2 diabetes. It includes maculopathy, involving the central retina and …

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging has played a pivotal role in the field of retina.
This light-based, non-invasive imaging modality provides high-quality, cross-sectional …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a vision-threatening microvascular complication of diabetes
mellitus (DM), is a leading cause of blindness worldwide that requires early detection and …

This paper provides a systematic survey of artificial intelligence (AI) models that have been
proposed over the past decade to screen retinal diseases, which can cause severe visual …

Retinal blood vessels are the only directly observed blood vessels in the body; changes in
them can help effective assess the occurrence and development of ocular and systemic …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a progressive condition due to diabetes that can lead to
blindness, is typically characterized by a number of stages, including non-proliferative (mild …

Background: Alterations in macular thickness and vascular density before clinically visible
diabetic retinopathy (DR) remain inconclusive. This study aimed to determine whether …

Background/Aims: Vascular factors are involved in the development of glaucoma, including
diseases such as hypercholesterolemia (HC), systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), and …

Ultra-wide-field optical coherence tomography (UWF-OCT) has been recently introduced
into clinical ophthalmological practice. To date, there are few data on the reference values of …

Background While retinal vessel changes are evident in the eyes of patients with relapsing–
remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), changes in the vasculature of possible MS mimics such …