Nakamoto's consensus protocol works in a permissionless model and tolerates Byzantine
failures, but only offers probabilistic agreement. Recently, the Sandglass protocol has shown …

Nakamoto's consensus protocol, known for operating in a permissionless model where
nodes can join and leave without notice. However, it guarantees agreement only …

Blockchain has been recognized as a promising solution to construct a tamper-proof and
trust-free decentralized framework for Internet of Things (loT) systems. However, directly …

Proof of Stake (PoS) based consensus provides a better mechanism than Proof of Work
(PoW) consensus for extending the blockchain without significant energy waste. Most of the …

The rapid advancements in the Internet of Things (IoT) technology and Edge-Fog-Cloud
Computing paradigm make the concept of Smart Cities become realistic. Thanks to the …

The underlying fundaments of blockchain are cryptography and cryptographic concepts that
provide reliable and secure decentralized solutions. Although many recent papers study the …

Proof of Staked Hardware Consensus (PoSH) Consensus was designed to achieve
Nakamoto-style probabilistic consensus on the contents of a cryptocurrency ledger in a …