Drug development is a lengthy and costly process that proceeds through several stages
from target identification to lead discovery and optimization, preclinical validation and …

Solid tumors are complex organ-like structures that consist not only of tumor cells but also of
vasculature, extracellular matrix (ECM), stromal, and immune cells. Often, this tumor …

Three‐dimensional cell culture models, such as spheroids, can be used in the process of the
development of new anticancer agents because they are able to closely mimic the main …

In comparison with 2D cell culture models, 3D spheroids are able to accurately mimic some
features of solid tumors, such as their spatial architecture, physiological responses …

It is well established that multifactorial drug resistance hinders successful cancer treatment.
Tumor cell interactions with the tumor microenvironment (TME) are crucial in epithelial …

It is becoming recognized that screening of oncology drugs on a platform using two-
dimensionally (2D)-cultured cell lines is unable to precisely select clinically active drugs; …

Abstract Hypoxia‐inducible factor 1 (HIF‐1) plays an indispensable role in the hypoxic tumor
microenvironment. Hypoxia and HIF‐1 are involved in multiple aspects of tumor progression …

Simple Summary Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models have been proposed as
alternatives for initial drug screening to increase drug development efficiency. In addition to …

Three dimensional multicellular aggregate, also referred to as cell spheroid or microtissue,
is an indispensable tool for in vitro evaluating antitumor activity and drug efficacy. Compared …

Solid tumors often grow in a micro-environment characterized by< 2% O 2 tension. This
condition, together with the aberrant activation of specific oncogenic patwhays, increases …