Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by multiple
organ inflammatory damage and wide spectrum of autoantibodies. The autoantibodies …

Apoptosis is an evolutionarily conserved and tightly regulated cell death modality. It serves
important roles in physiology by sculpting complex tissues during embryogenesis and by …

Mer tyrosine kinase (MerTK) is a major macrophage apoptotic cell (AC) receptor. Its
functional impairment promotes autoimmunity and atherosclerosis, whereas overexpression …

Alterations of cell death pathways, including apoptosis and the neutrophil specific kind of
death called NETosis, can represent a potential source of autoantigens. Defects in the …

The inefficient clearance of dying cells can result in the accumulation of apoptotic cell
remnants. This occurrence is considered an intrinsic defect that can cause the permanent …

Ionizing radiation is often regarded as an element of danger. But, danger responses on the
cellular and molecular level are often beneficial with regard to the induction of anti‐tumor …

In germinal centres, somatic hypermutation and B cell selection increase antibody affinity
and specificity for the immunizing antigen, but the generation of autoreactive B cells is an …

Background The genesis of severe fatigue and disability in people following acute pathogen
invasion involves the activation of Toll-like receptors followed by the upregulation of …

Autoreactive B and T cells are present in healthy, autoimmunity-free individuals, but they are
kept in check by various regulatory mechanisms. In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) …

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease
characterized by excessive inflammatory and immune responses and tissue damage …