Natural Products (NP) are essential for the discovery of novel drugs and products for
numerous biotechnological applications. The NP discovery process is expensive and time …

In the present century sequencing is to the DNA science, what gel electrophoresis was to it
in the last century. From 1977 to 2016 three generation of the sequencing technologies of …

Biological wastewater treatment systems play an important role in improving water quality
and human health. This chapter thus briefly discusses different biological methods, specially …

Nucleic acid amplification is a valuable molecular tool not only in basic research but also in
application oriented fields, such as clinical medicine development, infectious diseases …

The first sequencing of a complete genome was published forty years ago by the double
Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Frederick Sanger. That corresponded to the small sized …

Difficulties in cultivating most of the microorganisms limit our ability to study microbial
ecosystems. Molecular methods are valuable tools for investigating the diversity and …

Metagenomics is the technique, or set of techniques, whose main objective is to determine
the microbial population that can be found in a determined environment, studied in the …

Recently, with the advancement in next generation sequencing (NGS) along with the
improvement of bioinformatics tools, whole exome sequencing (WES) has become the most …

DNA methylation of cytosine residues is a stable epigenetic alteration, beginning as early as
foetal development in the uterus and continuously evolving throughout life. DNA methylation …

DNA referred to as blueprint of life codes for the diversity and function of all the living
organisms. Determining DNA sequences of the living organisms not only gives an overview …