A wealth of neuromodulatory transmitters regulate synaptic circuits in the brain. Their mode
of signaling, often called volume transmission, differs from classical synaptic transmission in …

Animal behavior is shaped by a variety of" internal states"—partially hidden variables that
profoundly shape perception, cognition, and action. The neural basis of internal states, such …

Dopamine is a prototypical neuromodulator that controls circuit function through G protein-
coupled receptor signalling. Neuromodulators are volume transmitters, with release followed …

Recent work continues to place cholinergic circuits at center stage for normal executive and
mnemonic functioning and provides compelling evidence that the loss of cholinergic …

Noradrenergic and cholinergic systems are among the most vulnerable brain systems in
neuropsychiatric diseases of ageing, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease …

The mammalian nervous system is comprised of a seemingly infinitely complex network of
specialized synaptic connections that coordinate the flow of information through it. The field …

Dopamine plays a critical role in motor control, addiction, and reward-seeking behaviors,
and its release dynamics have traditionally been linked to changes in midbrain dopamine …

None of the proposed mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) fully explains the distribution
patterns of the neuropathological changes at the cellular and regional levels, and their …

The loss of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons in Parkinson's disease induces a reduction in the
number of dendritic spines on medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the striatum expressing D1 …

The central noradrenergic neurone, like the peripheral sympathetic neurone, is
characterized by a diffusely arborizing terminal axonal network. The central neurones …