Background Leishmaniases are parasitic diseases present worldwide that are transmitted to
the vertebrate host by the bite of an infected sand fly during a blood feeding. Phlebotomine …

Highlights•Salivary genes are highly divergent and evolve under strong selective
pressure.•Gene duplication played a major role in evolution of novel salivary …

Apart from bacterial formyl peptides or viral chemokine mimicry, a non-vertebrate or insect
protein that directly attracts mammalian innate cells such as neutrophils has not been …

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has been declared as one of the most severely neglected
tropical diseases by the World Health Organization report 2017. Cumulative incidences of …

The notion that previous infection by Leishmania spp. in endemic areas leads to robust anti-
Leishmania immunity, supports vaccination as a potentially effective approach to prevent …

Leishmaniases are a group of vector-borne parasitic diseases transmitted through the
infected sand flies. Leishmania parasites are inoculated into the host skin along with sand fly …

The habit of blood feeding evolved independently in many insect orders of families. Sand
flies and mosquitoes belong to separate lineages of blood-feeding Diptera and are thus …

Simple Summary Vectors are organisms that can transmit infectious pathogens from a host
(human or animal) to another. Many vectors (including mosquitoes, sand flies and ticks) …

Phlebotomine sand flies are the main vectors of Leishmania genus species worldwide;
therefore, the detection of some reproductive parasites, such as Wolbachia, has been …

The kinetoplastids include a large number of parasites responsible for serious diseases in
humans and animals (Leishmania and Trypanosoma brucei) considered endemic in several …