Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia worldwide. β-amyloid
peptide (Aβ) is currently assumed to be the main cause of synaptic dysfunction and cognitive …

Gene transcription is the process by which the genetic codes of organisms are read and
interpreted as a set of instructions for cells to divide, differentiate, migrate, and mature. As …

Protein phosphorylation plays a cardinal role in regulating many cellular processes in
eukaryotes. In particular, protein phosphorylation is a major currency of signal transduction …

AP-1 (activating protein-1) is a collective term referring to dimeric transcription factors
composed of Jun, Fos or ATF (activating transcription factor) subunits that bind to a common …

Excitotoxicity, the specific type of neurotoxicity mediated by glutamate, may be the missing
link between ischemia and neuronal death, and intervening the mechanistic steps that lead …

CREB and its close relatives are now widely accepted as prototypical stimulus-inducible
transcription factors. In many cell types, these factors function as effector molecules that …

Ionized calcium (Ca 2÷) is the most common signal transduction element in cells ranging
from bacteria to specialized neurons. Unlike many other second-messenger mo! ecules, Ca …

AP-1 is a sequence-specific transcriptional activator composed of members of the Jun and
Fos families (for review see Ref. 1). These proteins, which belong to the bZIP group of DNA …

▪ Abstract Extracellular stimuli elicit changes in gene expression in target cells by activating
intracellular protein kinase cascades that phosphorylate transcription factors within the …

Permanent disabilities following CNS injuries result from the failure of injured axons to
regenerate and rebuild functional connections with their original targets. By contrast, injury …