More than 1 out of 10 women worldwide are diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome
(PCOS), the leading cause of female reproductive and metabolic dysfunction. Despite its …

A healthy nutritional state is required for all aspects of reproduction and is signaled by the
adipokine leptin. Leptin acts in a relatively narrow concentration range: too much or too little …

Gut bacteria influence brain functions and metabolism. We investigated whether this
influence can be mediated by direct sensing of bacterial cell wall components by brain …

Prior mouse genetic research has set the stage for a deep understanding of appetite
regulation. This goal is now being realized through the use of recent technological …

BACKGROUND Metabolism can be broadly divided into anabolic, energy-consuming,
biosynthetic processes and energy-generating catabolic processes. Different biological …

Hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons serve as the nodal regulatory centre of reproductive
function. These neurons are subjected to a plethora of regulatory factors that ultimately affect …

The concept that different systems control episodic and surge secretion of gonadotropin‐
releasing hormone (GnRH) was well established by the time that GnRH was identified and …

Neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) that express agouti‐related peptide
(AgRP) govern a critical aspect of survival: the drive to eat. Equally important to survival is …

The bioactive peptides galanin, spexin and kisspeptin have a common ancestral origin and
their pathophysiological roles are increasingly the subject of investigation. Evidence …

The high comorbidity between obesity and mental disorders, such as depression and
anxiety, often exacerbates metabolic and neurological symptoms significantly. However …