Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human lymphotropic herpesvirus with a well-
established causal role in several cancers. Recent studies have provided compelling …

Current therapies for multiple sclerosis (MS) reduce both relapses and relapse-associated
worsening of disability, which is assumed to be mainly associated with transient infiltration of …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune, inflammatory, and neurodegenerative
disease that affects the central nervous system (CNS). MS is characterized by immune …

INTRODUCTION The meninges are a three-layer membrane that covers the central nervous
system (CNS): The outermost layer, the dura mater, is attached onto the skull periosteum; …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of
the central nervous system, and the leading cause of nontraumatic neurological disability in …

In the past 15 years, B cells have been rediscovered to be not merely bystanders but rather
active participants in autoimmune aetiology. This has been fuelled in part by the clinical …

During the past decade, accumulating evidence from the research highlights the suggested
effects of bacterial communities of the human gut microbiota and their metabolites on health …

Background Ofatumumab, a subcutaneous anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, selectively
depletes B cells. Teriflunomide, an oral inhibitor of pyrimidine synthesis, reduces T-cell and …

Background No approved therapies exist for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
(NMOSD), a rare, relapsing, autoimmune, inflammatory disease of the CNS that causes …

Increasing evidence indicates the involvement of B cells in the pathogenesis of multiple
sclerosis (MS), but their precise roles are unclear. In this Review, we provide an overview of …