Road salt (mainly NaCl) is commonly used during the winter to ensure road and pavement
safety; however, the long-term application of NaCl has negative consequences on soil and …

Freshwater ecosystems worldwide are threatened by salinisation caused by human
activities. Scientific attention on the ecological impacts of salinisation from road deicing salts …

In spite of being a worldwide phenomenon that can have important ecological, economic
and social consequences, freshwater salinization (ie the increase in ion concentrations in …

Recent decades have witnessed a sharp biodiversity decline in freshwaters due to multiple
stressors. The presence of multiple stressors is expected to affect community structure and …

It is often assumed that predators reduce disease prevalence and transmission by lowering
prey population density and/or by selectively feeding on infected individuals. However …

Urban streams are exposed to a variety of anthropogenic stressors. Freshwater salinization
is a key stressor in these ecosystems that is predicted to be further exacerbated by climate …

Parasites have evolved different strategies to increase their transmission from one host to
another. The Adaptive Host Manipulation hypothesis states that parasites induce …

The stress-induced susceptibility hypothesis, which predicts chronic stress weakens immune
defences, was proposed to explain increasing infectious disease-related mass mortality and …

Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent environmental contaminants
known to adversely affect health and development in many taxa. Although PFAS generally …

Hosts and parasites are embedded in communities where species richness and composition
can influence disease outcomes (diversity–disease relationships). The direction and …