Basic monitoring of the marine environment is crucial for the early warning and assessment
of marine hydrometeorological conditions, climate change, and ecosystem disasters. In …

Human activities have altered the state of the ocean, leading to warming, acidification and
deoxygenation. These changes impact ocean biogeochemistry and influence ecosystem …

Marine ecosystems are centrally important to the biology of the planet, yet a comprehensive
understanding of how anthropogenic climate change is affecting them has been poorly …

A climatological mean distribution for the surface water pCO2 over the global oceans in non-
El Niño conditions has been constructed with spatial resolution of 4°(latitude)× 5°(longitude) …

Past model studies have projected a global decrease in marine net primary production
(NPP) over the 21st century, but these studies focused on the multi-model mean rather than …

The deep sea encompasses the largest ecosystems on Earth. Although poorly known, deep
seafloor ecosystems provide services that are vitally important to the entire ocean and …

The oceans are warming. Over the period 1961 to 2003, global ocean temperature has risen
by 0.10 C from the surface to a depth of 700 m. Consistent with the Third Assessment Report …

Evidence of the impacts of anthropogenic climate change on marine ecosystems is
accumulating, but must be evaluated in the context of the “normal” climate cycles and …

Current global fisheries production of≈ 160 million tons is rising as a result of increases in
aquaculture production. A number of climate-related threats to both capture fisheries and …

Executive summary Physical and biological systems on all continents and in most oceans
are already being affected by recent climate changes, particularly regional temperature …