Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and its metabolites function as critical regulators
to maintain physiologic processes, enabling the plastic cells to adapt to environmental …

Autophagy is a fundamental catabolic process coordinated by a network of autophagy-
related (ATG) proteins. These ATG proteins also perform an important parallel role in …

Host microbial cross-talk is essential to maintain intestinal homeostasis. However,
maladaptation of this response through microbial dysbiosis or defective host defense toward …

Macroautophagy/autophagy is an evolutionarily well-conserved recycling process in
response to stress conditions, including a burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) …

Autophagy influences cell survival through maintenance of cell bioenergetics and clearance
of protein aggregates and damaged organelles. Several lines of evidence indicate that …

Neutrophils or polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) are key participants in the innate
immune response for their ability to execute different effector functions. These cells express …

Many researchers, especially those new to the field, need to determine which criteria are
essential for demonstrating autophagy, either for the purposes of their own research, or in …

From yeast to mammals, autophagy is an important mechanism for sustaining cellular
homeostasis through facilitating the degradation and recycling of aged and cytotoxic …

Autophagy is a catabolic process aimed at recycling cellular components and damaged
organelles in response to diverse conditions of stress, such as nutrient deprivation, viral …

Neutrophils are essential for killing bacteria and other microorganisms, and they also have a
significant role in regulating the inflammatory response. Stimulated neutrophils activate their …