Consistent individual differences (CIDs) in behavior are a widespread phenomenon in
animals, but the proximate reasons for them are unresolved. We discuss evidence for the …

Individual differences in the energy cost of self-maintenance (resting metabolic rate, RMR)
are substantial and the focus of an emerging research area. These differences may …

The study of phenotypic evolution should be an integrative endeavor that combines different
approaches and crosses disciplinary and phylogenetic boundaries to consider complex …

Metabolic rate reflects an organism's capacity for growth, maintenance and reproduction,
and is likely to be a target of selection. Physiologists have long sought to understand the …

Many environmental conditions can constrain the ability of animals to obtain sufficient food
energy, or transform that food energy into useful chemical forms. To survive extended …

Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the rate of metabolism of a resting, postabsorptive, non-
reproductive, adult bird or mammal, measured during the inactive circadian phase at a …

Early survival is highly variable and strongly influences observed population growth rates in
most vertebrate populations. One of the major potential drivers of survival variation among …

Explaining variation in the fitness of organisms is a fundamental goal in evolutionary
ecology. Maintenance energy metabolism is the minimum energy required to sustain …

Ecological interactions are the backbone of biodiversity. Like individual species, interactions
are threatened by drivers of biodiversity loss, among which climate change operates at a …

Variation in aerobic capacity has far reaching consequences for the physiology, ecology,
and evolution of vertebrates. Whether at rest or active, animals are constrained to operate …